Saturday, January 25, 2020
The Cold War :: essays research papers
1. Name of President- Harry S. Truman 2. Dates in Office- 1945-1952 3. Political Party- Democrat 4. Presidential Cold War Philosophy President Truman’s philosophy was to come to the defense of those countries in danger of Soviet takeover, but the US would not start a war with the Soviet Union. He also made alliances with Europe through NATO, which was a contrast to the past because from the time of Washington’s Farewell Address, Americans have strongly favored avoiding all foreign entanglements. He also was taken over by the paranoia created by the Red Scare because he ordered investigations of 3 million federal employees for â€Å"security risks.†5. Actions taken during presidency in regard to Cold War.      a. The Beginning of the Cold War- The end of World War II raised the issue of the shape of the      new world and what new political alliances would be formed. This would become the major      source of contention between the world’s leading political-economic system, capitalism and      communism. The American economy was growing more dependent on exports, while American      industry needed to import metals. This required open trade and friendly relations with those      nations that provided metal. With many economies in shambles, competition for the few healthy      economies became fierce. Germany, Japan, and Great Britain, who had been the strongest before      war had either been defeated or their influence was greatly reduced. The United States and the      Soviet Union became the world’s leading two powers, and they quickly became enemies.      b. The Truman Doctrine- After the Soviet Union had spread communism to Hungary      and Czechoslovakia, it threatened to take over Greece and Turkey. Truman was intent on      preventing this. The Truman Doctrine states that the US would support the free peoples who      were resisting the attempted subjugation of the Soviet Union. This was the cornerstone of a      larger policy called containment, which provided that while the US would not go to war with      the Soviet Union, it would come to the defense of countries in danger of Soviet takeover.      c. The Marshall Plan- This was a way to gain alliances. This plan sent more than $12 billion      to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy. In return for that money, those countries      were expected to become American allies. It was offered to Eastern Europe, but no country      participated.      d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- This was a mutual defense alliance
Friday, January 17, 2020
Black Slave Owners in the South Essay
As with the accounts by Nichols (1863), when people think of the slavery period in American history, it is normally assumed that the slave owner was white and the slave black. This was true in many cases but the number of free black slave owners was actually higher than most people realize. Black slave owner usually treated family members and friends much better than the other slaves they might own. But even being a family member did not raise the slave above being a commodity. According to Lightner and Ragan (2005), even the black slave owners could not free their slaves so even the ones who purchased family members had to list them as slave purchase. For example, a husband who was born or had managed to become free might buy his wife from the white person who owned her. The husband would thereafter possess his spouse as a slave, not because he wished to keep her in bondage but because the laws of the slave states often made manumission difficult or impossible. Slaves were an investment to their owners and this included the owners who were black themselves. Slavery was inhuman and oppressive but only when it affected a loved one, otherwise, it was a profitable endeavor. According to the 1830 census, roughly 65% of black slave owners bought the slaves for financial reasons with only 8% buying strictly family members and close friends to ensure good treatment and better lives. The 1830 census also named the number of slaves owned by blacks as 10,000 in 4 different states. In 1811, a free black woman named Philis Wells received a $900 loan from Peter Desportes, She got the loan by using her black slave, Mark, as collateral. This was not an uncommon practice. Many black slave owners put up slaves against loans they requested. Mulattos were considered the â€Å"black elite†because of their light complexion and meshed with the whites as much as possible. Treating a slave as anything but a slave would mark you as unworthy to mix with the whites or to enjoy the finer privileges society offered. According to Koger (1985)many other free blacks purchased slaves to use as apprentices for their trade. Moses Brown purchased a young boy for around $300. Moses was a barber by trade and trained the boy to following his footsteps. By the next year, the boy was working as a full barber in Moses shop. Camilla Johnson was a free black pastry cook. She purchased a mulatto name Diana and with Diana’s light coloring, was able to use her as a server at the parties she catered. Freed blacks quickly found that purchasing slaves to train meant an increase in the profits of the business. As Johnson and Roark (1985) explain â€Å"†¦while the mulattos could mix more easily with white society without many questions, darker skinned free blacks had a harder time†. Richard Edward DeReef was one of the richest free black men in Charleston, SC. He owned real estate and had achieved a small fortune. Due to his dark complexion, however, he would have been shunned by the â€Å"black elite†except for his claim of Native American Indian blood. If one claimed Native American blood, many times the complexion was accepted as an indication of this lineage. This did not help the slaves to ascend their station but it was a large help to those free blacks who wished to be part of the mainstream society, accumulate wealth and maintain slaves of their own. In South Carolina in 1860, William Ellison was the largest black slave owner in the state. He had been born into slavery and once freed had begun to accumulate his own slaves. By 1960 he owned 63 slaves, not including the ones owned by his son. According to Grooms (1997) â€Å"Ellison’s major source of income came from his being a â€Å"slave breeder†. Slave breeding was looked upon with disgust and the laws of most southern states forbad the sale of slaves under the age of twelve†, but Ellis made a fortune selling slaves of all ages including babies. Grooms (1997) also states that the majority of black slave owners raised sugar cane and lived in Louisiana. There were a few black slave owners who owned sugar cane plantations. C. Richards and her son P. C. Richards were black slave owners who had 152 slaves working the sugar cane plantation they owned. A large majority of black slave owners were female. This was due to the fact that more female slaves were set free than males. History has shown us that a race enslaving its own people has gone on throughout history, but black slave owners are virtually unheard of in the common histories. Questions for Discussion †¢ Why would someone who had been a former slave and was well aware of the conditions slaves endured justify owning slaves themselves? †¢ Why were the majority of freed slaves’ women? †¢ Why were black slave owners overlooked throughout much of the history of the slave period? References Grooms, R. 1997 Dixie’s Censored Subject: Black Slaveowners, Retrieved January 23, 2007 From the Barnes Review. Website: http://www. americancivilwar. com/authors/black_slaveowner. htm Johnson, M and Roark, J 1985 Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company,Inc. Koger, L. 1985 Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Lightner, D. L. , & Ragan, A. M. (2005). Were African American Slaveholders Benevolent or Exploitative? A Quantitative Approach. Journal of Southern History Nichols, C. H. (1963). Many Thousand Gone: The Ex-Slaves’ Account of Their Bondage and Freedom. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Religious Symbols And Symbolism Of The Visit, A Book, Like...
Throughout history, one of the most prominent facets of any society is religion. It influences every aspect of civilization, from culture to government and from social rules to music. Literature, too, cannot escape the grasp religion holds on society. Works like Paradise Lost and The Divine Comedy show the awesome power religion inspires within people; contrastively, works like Huckleberry Finn and The Visit show the rampant cynicism religion inspires within people. Written by Swiss author Friedrich Dà ¼rrenmatt, The Visit is filled with religious symbols and references to Christianity. Instead of honoring the religion, though, the references only ridicules it. Dà ¼rrenmatt’s The Visit serves as a mockery of the church; its biblical allusions†¦show more content†¦Half a century prior, Ill â€Å"[denies] paternity†of his illegitimate child with Claire, bringing â€Å"along two witnesses†whom he has bribed in order to escape his sentence (32), sentencing Claire to a life of prostitution. The contradiction between Ill’s connection to Christ and life of sin mocks what Christ is. If Ill can still function as a Christ figure while having committed major sins, then Christ could have done the same. Dà ¼rrenmatt is arguing that the church itself is not free of sin, as much as they would like to appear to be. Connections and contradictions between Ill and Christ satirize Christ and mock the church. In continuance of this biblical metaphor, the town serves as the Judas to Ill’s Christ, but their moral absolvement for killing Ill implies moral absolvement for Judas, which deconstructs the entire story of Christ. Like Judas to Christ, the town sells Ill out for the prospect of money. Once Claire places the one billion dollar price on Ill’s head, it’s already decided that the townspeople are going to kill him; â€Å"the temptation is far too strong and [their] poverty is too wretched†(85). They have no choice other than to choose the money over him, which they do. But, in the end, the townspeople have convinced the media and themselves that killing Ill is not a matter of money but morals. The citizens declare that only if the they are â€Å"unable to tolerate evil†and are â€Å"incapable of living any longer,Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words  | 922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words  | 760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning
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